Definition The process of annotating raw data—text, images, audio, video—with meaningful tags or labels that machine learning models use to learn patterns. It is the human (or automated) step that transforms unlabeled data into training material for supervised learning [1]. Analogy Imagine you are building a mail-sorting system. You hand your assistant a stack of…

Definition An AI capability that converts spoken language into text by analyzing audio signals, identifying phonemes and words, and transcribing them into written form. Also called automatic speech recognition (ASR), it is the technology that lets machines listen and understand human speech [1]. Analogy Imagine a stenographer in a courtroom who listens to every word…

Definition A field of artificial intelligence that gives machines the ability to interpret and understand visual information—images, video, and real-time camera feeds—by converting pixels into meaningful descriptions, categories, and actions. It is the AI equivalent of sight: the camera provides the raw visual signal, and computer vision algorithms extract what matters from it [1]. Analogy…