Quantization is a model compression technique that converts high-precision numerical representations in a neural network—typically 32-bit or 16-bit floating-point numbers—into lower-precision formats such as 8-bit or 4-bit integers. This reduces model size, memory footprint, and computational cost, enabling deployment on resource-constrained hardware, at the expense of a small accuracy loss.

LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique that freezes pre-trained model weights and injects small trainable low-rank matrices into each layer of the Transformer architecture. By learning only the difference between the original and adapted weights—approximated as the product of two much smaller matrices—LoRA reduces trainable parameters by up to 10,000x and GPU memory…

A foundation model is any model trained on broad data at scale—generally using self-supervision—that can be adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks. The term was introduced by Bommasani et al. (2021) at Stanford’s Center for Research on Foundation Models to describe models like BERT, GPT-3, and DALL-E that serve as a common basis…

CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is a standardized system for identifying and cataloging publicly known cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Each vulnerability receives a unique identifier (CVE ID) in the format CVE-YYYY-NNNN, enabling consistent communication across security tools, databases, and organizations.

A standardized framework maintained by FIRST.org that assigns a numerical score (0.0 to 10.0) reflecting the severity of a security vulnerability, helping organizations prioritize patch management and compliance efforts.

Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a neural network architecture that replaces dense feed-forward layers with multiple specialized sub-networks called “experts” and uses a learned routing mechanism to selectively activate only a subset of those experts for each input. This enables models to be massive in total parameter count while keeping per-token computation lean.

What is Constitutional AI? Constitutional AI is a method developed by Anthropic for training AI assistants to be helpful and harmless. Instead of relying solely on humans to manually label every piece of harmful content—a process that is slow and difficult to scale—this approach uses a written list of rules, or a “constitution,” to guide…

What is RLHF? At its core, Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a machine learning technique designed to align the behavior of artificial intelligence models with human values and preferences. Think of it as a form of “AI finishing school”—where a model that has already learned the basics of language is taught how to…