What Is LangGraph? LangGraph is a library for building agent applications that need more than a single prompt-response cycle. Released by LangChain in January 2024 [2], it models agent workflows as directed graphs: nodes represent computation steps (calling an LLM, running a tool, making a decision), and edges define the flow between them—including conditional branches…
What is Swarm Intelligence? Swarm Intelligence (often referred to as swarm AI, collective intelligence, or swarm optimization) describes a field of artificial intelligence where complex, intelligent behavior emerges from a group of simple agents. Swarm intelligence is a specific design philosophy within the broader field of multi-agent systems (MAS). While some multi-agent systems rely on…
## How smart contracts work Smart contracts operate on a simple if/then logic written in code and deployed to a blockchain. Here is the basic flow: **1. Agreement is coded.** Two or more parties define the terms of their arrangement. Those terms are translated into conditional statements—’if X happens, then do Y’—written in a programming…
## Why agent identity matters Traditional identity systems assume two categories: humans who authenticate with passwords or biometrics, and service accounts that authenticate with static API keys. AI agents break this model in four ways: 1. **Agents are autonomous.** They make decisions and take actions without a human pressing a button for each step. 2.…
Agent memory is the set of mechanisms that allow AI agents to retain, organize, and retrieve information across sessions. Learn how episodic, semantic, and procedural memory work in AI agents.
Agent governance is the set of policies, oversight mechanisms, and accountability structures that control how autonomous AI agents make decisions, access data, use tools, and interact with humans and other agents. It is the framework that ensures these systems operate within defined boundaries, remain accountable for their actions, and align with organizational objectives. Analogy: Think…
Why wallets matter for the agentic economy In a traditional digital transaction, a human enters a credit card number or clicks ‘Pay Now.’ In an agentic economy, an AI agent needs to initiate, sign, and settle transactions autonomously — often across multiple blockchains and payment rails. The digital wallet becomes the agent’s identity and authorization…
An AI agent is LLM-powered software that reasons, plans, and executes multi-step tasks autonomously using tools. Learn how agents differ from chatbots and copilots.
Learn what delegation is in AI agents, how it works through privilege attenuation, common patterns like orchestrator-workers, and why multi-hop delegation is a key unsolved challenge in agent security.
How adversarial attacks work Machine learning models learn by finding patterns in data. When you show a model thousands of pictures of stop signs, it learns to recognize the visual patterns that define ‘stop sign’—the red octagon, the white border, the letters S-T-O-P. Adversarial attacks exploit this learning process by adding carefully calculated noise or…