Prompt engineering is the practice of designing, refining, and optimizing the text instructions (prompts) given to a large language model (LLM) to elicit reliable, useful, and accurate outputs. It is a foundational skill for building with AI — distinct from fine-tuning (which changes the model itself) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (which adds external knowledge).
There was no press release, no celebratory X thread, and no keynote presentation. The transition was visible only through a quiet update to the API documentation at api-docs.deepseek.com, which now lists V4 Pro and V4 Flash as the primary models. On July 17, 2026, DeepSeek V4 moved from preview to general availability. By choosing to…
Cryptocurrency is a form of digital money that uses cryptography to secure transactions, verify ownership, and control the creation of new units. Learn how Bitcoin, stablecoins, and programmable commerce work in the agentic economy.
Data poisoning is a deliberate attack that corrupts AI training data to introduce backdoors, biases, or vulnerabilities. Learn how it works and how to defend against it.
AI providers operating in the European market face a critical deadline of 18:00 CEST on July 27, 2026. By this time, organizations must submit signatory forms for the Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content, published by the European Commission on June 10, 2026. Meeting this cutoff is the only way to secure a…
The Invisible Decision-Maker Imagine you are hiring a highly capable, tireless research assistant. You give them a complex task—say, “Find the best travel route for a multi-city trip and book the hotels.” You don’t expect them to guess the answer instantly. You expect them to look at a map, check flight availability, compare hotel prices,…
What is the Machine Payments Protocol (MPP)? The Machine Payments Protocol (MPP) is a payment infrastructure protocol developed by Stripe and Tempo that enables AI agents and automated systems to execute payments programmatically across multiple payment rails. Launched on March 18, 2026, MPP provides a unified interface for agent-driven commerce, allowing AI systems to initiate,…
What is a blockchain? A blockchain is a database maintained by a network of independent computers — called nodes — that agree on every update through a shared protocol, rather than relying on a single central authority [1]. Data is stored in blocks that are cryptographically linked to each other in sequence, making the history…
What is function calling? Function calling — also called tool calling or tool use — is the mechanism that lets a large language model (LLM) request that external software run on its behalf. Instead of generating a final answer from its training data alone, the model outputs a structured message — typically a function name…
Prompt engineering is the practice of designing and refining the instructions, context, and examples given to a large language model to produce accurate, relevant, and useful outputs—bridging human intent and model behavior through structured communication.